functions of money. So-called stable coins are intended to bridge this gap, but whether they can be successfully scaled up and … maintain their stability is doubtful. The one unit that can clearly meet these challenges is central bank digital currency. But …

forms of money: virtual (crypto) currencies like bitcoin; stable coins like libra/diem; and central bank digital currencies … fiduciary money and inconvertible fiat money; 2) the shift in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries from central bank notes to …Digitalization of Money is a crossroad in monetary history. Advances in technology has led to the development of new …

on bank structure, bank regulation, and lender of last resort are also discussed. We argue that the Reserve Banks were …

economic activities and hence with regional money. Monetary policy was one body conducted at regional level, but overseen … money circulated, with gold, silver, copper, and paper all present at various times. Monetary policy was guided by monetary …

international financial system. Eventually the Bundesbank provided the role model for the European Central Bank. Hence, we examine … policy over the period 1975-1998. We compare the Bundesbank's monetary policy rule with those of the FED and of the Bank of …

nation's monetary structure. They included determining what monies could be legal tender, who could emit fiat paper money …

The transition of the U.S. money supply from the mixture of paper bills of credit, certificates, and foreign coins that … intermediation of capital. It describes how the struggle of the colonies to maintain viable substitutes for hard money set the stage … convertible metallic base, and create a national Bank that issued notes denominated in the new monetary unit. It also presents …

, and money supply shocks using a structural panel vector autoregression. We then use historical decompositions to … nineteenth century reflected both positive aggregate supply shocks and negative money supply shocks. However, the negative money …