functions of money. So-called stable coins are intended to bridge this gap, but whether they can be successfully scaled up and …

Digitalization of Money is a crossroad in monetary history. Advances in technology has led to the development of new … forms of money: virtual (crypto) currencies like bitcoin; stable coins like libra/diem; and central bank digital currencies … (CBDC) like the Bahamian sand dollar. These innovations in money and finance have resonance to earlier shifts in monetary …

economic activities and hence with regional money. Monetary policy was one body conducted at regional level, but overseen … money circulated, with gold, silver, copper, and paper all present at various times. Monetary policy was guided by monetary …

nation's monetary structure. They included determining what monies could be legal tender, who could emit fiat paper money …

The transition of the U.S. money supply from the mixture of paper bills of credit, certificates, and foreign coins that … intermediation of capital. It describes how the struggle of the colonies to maintain viable substitutes for hard money set the stage … recently-constructed estimates of the U.S. money stock for 1790-1820 and relates them to measures of the nation's early …

, and money supply shocks using a structural panel vector autoregression. We then use historical decompositions to … nineteenth century reflected both positive aggregate supply shocks and negative money supply shocks. However, the negative money …