This paper studies the evolution of China's production and trade patterns during its integration into the global … growth acted as a counterforce. Consistent with the data, our model demonstrates that China's trade openness peaked around …

We measure the importance of increasing returns to scale and trade in medical services. Using Medicare claims data, we … of increasing returns and trade costs, policies to improve access to care face a proximity-concentration tradeoff …

, the impact of trade on innovation depends critically on how it drives scale and competition in high- versus low …

in response to internal economies of scale in trade costs. This suggests that chains will be longer on average in … fundamental trade-off: shorter chains have lower marginal cost but also fewer sellers, which can reduce competition, product …

deep trade agreements; and countries, especially small ones, sharing these traits with attractive destinations receive …

We use the dynamics of U.S. imports across goods in the period around the U.S.-China trade war with a model of exporter … dynamics to estimate the dynamic path of the probability of transiting between Normal Trade Relations and a trade war state. We … find (i) there was no increase in the likelihood of a trade war before 2018; (ii) the trade war was initially expected to …

. What are the impacts of these policies, and what do they reveal about market power in international trade? We study a … the government's trade and investment objectives, and over time to safeguard the current account. Interacting these …

questions and related policy dilemmas. This paper addresses two questions: How is digital service trade shaped by (1) AI …

We review theoretical and empirical work on the economic effects of the United States and China trade relations during … economic effects on different outcomes. We then focus on the recent U.S.-China trade war. We discuss methods used to evaluate … its effects, describe its economic effects, and analyze if this increase in trade protectionism reverted the effects of …