managers. Employment relations can be either tough (where workers are monitored intensively and obtain few rents, and managers … workplace favor exchange). Both workers and managers also exert effort in providing community benefits. The threat of losing … access to community benefits can motivate managers to keep employment soft; conversely, the threat of losing future …

Democratic CEOs associated with a significant reduction (or even disappearance) of the gender gap in the level and performance …

This paper examines gender differences among top business executives using a large executive-employer matched data set … which firm-level temporal flexibility and corporate culture can explain these gender differences. Although we find that … this sorting drives the gender pay gap. However, we do find evidence that corporate culture affects pay gaps within firms …

This paper studies the gender compensation gap among high-level executives in US corporations. We use the ExecuComp … are less likely to be CEO, Chair, or President of their company. The unexplained gender gap can be reduced to less than 5 … of a significant gender gap (once we control for measurable characteristics) implies that women and men who hold similar …

gender distribution of the workforce. This is a large impact, but we find that while structural change is important, its …