Discrimination in lending can occur either in face-to-face decisions or in algorithmic scoring. We provide a workable … interpretation of the courts' legitimate-business-necessity defense of statistical discrimination. We then estimate the extent of … racial/ethnic discrimination in the largest consumer-lending market using an identification afforded by the pricing of …

We characterize the large number of mortgage offers for which people qualify in the United Kingdom. Very few pick the … dispersion in the mortgage menu is consistent with banks price discriminating for borrowers who might pick poorly, while …

bank approval disparity is also larger in more racially biased counties. We conclude that insofar as automation by fintechs …

adoption globally. Such e-wallets provide not only a conduit to external bank accounts but also internal payment options …

Open banking (OB) empowers bank customers to share transaction data with fintechs and other banks. 49 countries have …

This paper examines how high cost mortgage lending varies by race and ethnicity. It uses a unique panel data that … loans for African-American and Hispanic borrowers even after controlling for key mortgage risk factors: they have a 7.7 and … sorting across) mortgage lenders …

By comparing uncollateralized business loans made by a big tech lending program with conventional bank loans, we find … far before maturity and borrow more frequently. These patterns remain for borrowers with access to bank credit. Our …