Using application-level data from the Patent Office from 2001 to 2012, merged with personnel data on patent examiners …, we explore the extent to which the key decision of examiners--whether to allow a patent--is shaped by the granting styles … grant rate of her peer group, an examiner in her first two years at the Patent Office will experience a 0.15 standard …

through their parent firms' networks of innovating plants. Cross-cluster innovation spillovers do not depend on the physical … physical distances. To rationalize these findings, and to inform policy, we develop a tractable model of spatial innovation … that features both within- and cross-cluster innovation spillovers. Based on our model, we derive a sufficient statistic …

assess the relative importance of various alternative hypotheses in explaining the growth in patent citations to science. Our … patent-to-paper citation activity within what we call the "bio nexus" suggests that much of the contribution of knowledge …