. These women invest more in their own human capital within marriage, which might insure them against increases in exogenous …We study associations among women's current marital status, past marital history, and later-life labor force … employment and retirement outcomes for older women. The spread of unilateral divorce, we find, was associated with cross …

As expected, women enjoyed a more rapid growth of labor force participation, hours of work and covered earnings than … remains between the labor market activities and earnings of women versus men. As a result, the Social Security system remains … husbands to their own lower earning wives. In addition, spouse and survivor benefits accrue disproportionately to women from …

Divorce law changes made in the 1970s affected marital formation, dissolution, and bargaining within marriage. By … altering the terms of the marital contract these legal changes impacted the incentives for women to enter and remain in the …

find that NAFTA tariff reductions are associated with substantially reduced wage growth for married blue-collar women, much … married women workers less able to change their industry of employment than other workers. We find some support for an …-wage married women workers in their industry drop out of the labor market in response to their industry's loss of tariff. However …

higher marriage rates for women and lower for men. Land abundance favored higher fertility. The demands of childcare … opportunities outside the home. Frontier women were less likely to report "gainful employment," but among those who did, relatively … more had high-status occupations. Together, these findings integrate contrasting narratives about frontier women …

countries, absolutely and relative to a control group of single women without children. The cross-country differences in …

lasted at least ten years. However, if a marriage failed in less than ten years, no spousal benefits are paid. The spousal … primary worker and the secondary worker. We examine whether these couples, who have more to gain from extending their marriage …