This paper investigates whether the effects of children on the labor market outcomes of women relative to men -- child … fraction of peers with working parents across cohorts within schools, we find that greater exposure to working mothers during … shaping child-related gender gaps in the labor market …

on mothers and children compared to HCA. Our findings suggest that shifting child care from the home to the market …We study the impacts of a policy designed to reward mothers who stay at home rather than join the labor force when … their children are under age three. We use regional and over time variation to show that the Finnish Home Care Allowance …

mobility in education, stems from heterogeneity in the effects of the policies: children of mothers with fewer years of … education benefit more. As a potential mechanism, we find that the policies increased mothers' time investments in children and … parental decisions (labor market, investments in children, and fertility). We merge rich sources of historical information on …

of gender conservativeness of the people around them. Exposure to information on peer beliefs leads to a shift in …

This paper explores how historical gender roles become entrenched as norms over the long run. In the historical United … States, gender roles on the frontier looked starkly different from those in settled areas. Male-biased sex ratios led to …--some emphasizing their entrepreneurial independence, others their prevailing domesticity. The distinctive frontier gender roles, in …

Using thousands of essays written by 11-year-olds in 1969, we construct an index measuring girls' conformity to gender … less to gender norms live in regions with higher female employment and university attendance, highlighting the role of the …

remaining 84 percent. Place effects are more influential for children of non-college-educated mothers, and are most strongly …This paper uses birth records from California and mothers who move to quantify the absolute and relative importance of …