economy as a whole. Racial and gender inequality can limit the entire economy's productive capacity and innovation outcomes … and commercialization data, we examine racial and gender disparities at each stage of the innovation process …--education and training, the practice of invention, and commercialization. While improving along certain dimensions over time, we …

Previous studies have found large gender and racial differences in commercialization of invention. Using novel data … that permit enhanced identification of women and African American inventors, we find that gender and racial differences in … commercial activity related to invention are lower than once thought. This is despite relatively lower patent activity among …

anecdotal. This paper provides direct quantitative evidence showing that how innovation and design work was done changed … fundamentally during the Industrial Revolution. This change was characterized by the professionalization of innovation and design …

We examine the golden age of U.S. innovation by undertaking a major data collection exercise linking historical U … macro and micro-level determinants. We find a positive relationship between innovation and drivers of regional performance … delayed marriage, and tended to migrate to places that were conducive to innovation. Father's income was positively correlated …

, droughts and flooding on the innovation of their respective mitigation technologies. Using patent and disaster data, our study … is the first to relate natural disasters to technology innovation, and also presents the first attempt to empirically …

Can greater control over earned income incentivize women to work and influence gender norms? In collaboration with … Indian government partners, we provided rural women with individual bank accounts and randomly varied whether their wages … status quo). Women in a random subset of villages were also trained on account use. In the short run, relative to women just …

Do single women avoid career-enhancing actions because these actions could signal personality traits, like ambition … they believed their classmates would not see their responses, single and non-single women answered similarly. However …, single women reported desired yearly compensation $18,000 lower and being willing to travel seven fewer days per month and …

(electrical equipment and supplies) and maturing (shoes and textiles) industries, the geographic association between invention and … followed by corresponding increases in invention. Instead, this paper finds that the geographic location of inventive activity … industry in question. Even in the craft-based shoe industry, much of the invention came from those with the advanced technical …