of the developing world introduces patent protection for new drug products. This may lead to more research on drugs to … those already offering such protection the situation offers a unique opportunity to examine the incentive role of patent … protection. We use new survey data from India, the results of interviews with industry, government and multinational institutions …

As countries reform their patent laws to be in compliance with the Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights Agreement …, an important question is how increased patent protection will affect drug prices in low-income countries. Using … pharmaceutical trade data from 1996 to 2005, we examine the role of China and India as suppliers of medicines to other middle- and …

It may be advantageous to provide a variety of kinds of patent protection to heterogenous innovations. Innovations … protection in order to be encouraged. We model the problem of designing an optimal patent menu (scope and length) when the … fertility of an innovation in generating more innovations cannot be observed. The menu of patent scope can be implemented with …

Does an expansion of patent scope induce more innovative effort by firms? This article provides evidence on this … question by examining firm responses to the Japanese patent reforms of 1988. Interviews with practitioners suggest the reforms … significantly expanded the scope of patent rights in Japan, but that the average response in terms of additional R&D effort and …

We estimate the effect of patent protection on follow-on investments in corporate scientific research. We exploit a new … method for identifying an exogenous reduction in the protection a granted patent provides. Using data on public, research …-active firms between 1990 and 2015, we find that firms decrease follow-on research after a reduction in patent protection, as …

How do non-practicing entities ("Patent Trolls") impact innovation and technological progress? Although this question …", who exploit the patent system to extract rents and thereby hurt innovation. We employ unprecedented access to NPE …-derived patent and financial data, as well as a novel model that guides our data analysis. We find that NPEs acquire patents from …

A patent only protects an innovator from others producing the same product, but it does not protect him from others … within-patent competition, which results from production of the same product, and betweenpatent competition, which results … effects of intellectual property regulations on within -patent competition by showing how protecting innovative returns from …

. The purpose is to document the ways in which patent systems are products of battles over the economic surplus from …-style patent systems with all their imperfections have come to dominate other methods of encouraging inventive activity. The essays …

Patent counts are very imperfect measures of innovative output. This paper discusses how additional data-the number of … years a patent is renewed and the number of countries in which protection for the same invention is sought - can be used to … proposed which may remove half of the noise in patent counts as a measure of innovative output. The paper also illustrates how …

Such institutions as patent systems cannot be well understood without an assessment of technological creativity in … success of the invention. Prize-oriented institutions thus appear to be less systematic and not as market-oriented as patent …