As of this writing, the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan are in their eighth and tenth years, having accrued nearly a … the implications of the war costs themselves. Besides the unanticipated length and breadth of the military conflicts … motivations associated with war cost forecasts by comparing them with other types of aggregate forecasts, which are prone to …

interventions to support democratic elections. Yet little evidence exists on whether elections enhance the domestic legitimacy of … governments. Using the random assignment of an innovative election fraud-reducing intervention in Afghanistan, we find that … Afghanistan is a democracy; (2) whether the police should resolve disputes; (3) whether members of parliament provide services …

shortly after the war seem to have dissipated by 2000. While these are important outcomes to economists, by focusing on them …

security analysts. Our analysis also indicates that war and forcible regime change will yield large improvements in the …We consider three questions related to the choice between war in Iraq and a continuation of the pre-war containment … war more or less costly for the United States than containment? Second, compared to war and forcible regime change, would …

This paper attempts to provide a more complete reckoning of the costs of the Iraq War, using standard economic and … underestimate the War's true costs. We estimate a range of present and future costs, by including expenditures not in the $500bn CBO … the war on the overall performance of the economy. Even taking a conservative approach and assuming all US troops return …

The French Opposition to the war in Iraq in early 2003, prompted calls for a boycott of French wine in the US. We …

We analyze financial market data in order to produce an ex-ante assessment of the economic consequences of war with …'s price provides a plausible estimate of the probability of war. The spot oil price has moved closely with the Saddam Security …, suggesting that war raises oil prices by around $10 per barrel. Futures prices imply that markets expect these large immediate …

powers, the government was able to fund the war by borrowing and levying taxes. In major wars, however, there came a point …