This paper considers the effect of the First World War on large-scale businesses in Second … would provide the foundation for the import-substituting policies of the post-World War II era …-Industrial-Revolution industries like steel, electricity, and chemicals. For firms in the nations of the Entente, we argue, the war mainly interrupted …

organize: World War I, Bretton Woods, 1970s Great Inflation and Managed Floating. Each turning point was characterized by … War. The diplomatic failures, lapses in leadership, and promotion of narrow interests and vision outlined by Keynes …

locations outside of major urban centers for security reasons during the United States' industrial mobilization for World War II …

inventors to focus broadly on reducing costs, while the less cost-conscious procurement contracts of World War I did not. We …' preferences across wars. Finally, we find that the Civil War and World War I procurement shocks led to substantial increases in … our analysis of these new data, we find that the relatively stingy, fixed-price contracts of the Civil War era led …

emerged in many European countries after World War I. We demonstrate that economic policy uncertainty was instrumental in … pushing a subset of European countries into hyperinflation shortly after the end of the war. Germany, Austria, Poland, and …

to a resolution: World War II and the COVID-19 pandemic. After providing an overview of the main elements of each of … World War II effort and use these lessons to speculate on the potential long-run effects of the COVID-19 crisis on …

World War II was one of the most acute emergencies in U.S. history, and the first where the mobilization of science and … World War II innovation model in other crises. In this essay we describe exactly how it worked. We do so first through a … innovation policy different, how crisis innovation policy approaches may vary, and the limits to generalizing from World War II …

war. These challenges served to break down some of the barriers faced by underrepresented workers. Recent years have shown … market outcomes of Black and white women, as well as Black men, during and after the two World Wars. Their labor inputs … compensated for the lack of white male workers during the war years; however, only WWII generated significant and more prolonged …