options in defined contribution retirement plans. We document large differences in realized TDF returns and risk profiles … reflects optimal risk-taking by fund families with low market share, especially those entering the market after 2006. Using … plan-level data, we find little evidence that 401(k) plan sponsors match the risk profile of the TDFs in their plans to the …

shares, boosted bond exposures, curtailed cash/company stock holdings, and reduced idiosyncratic risk. The adoption of low …

This paper presents a dynamic model of a public pension fund's choice of portfolio risk. Optimal portfolio allocations … public pension fund management, we find evidence that funds chose greater overall asset - liability portfolio risk following …, pension plans take more risk when they have greater representation by plan participants on their Boards of Trustees …

Using the widely-cited Lee-Carter mortality model, we quantify aggregate mortality risk as the risk that the average … substantial mortality risk. We calculate that a markup of 3.7% on an annuity premium (or else shareholders' capital equal to 3 …. Insurance companies could deal with aggregate mortality risk by transferring it to financial markets through mortality …

more than 30 years, and Berkshire has a significant alpha to traditional risk factors. However, we find that the alpha …

to earn higher returns, or investing more broadly to reduce risk through diversification. Using a novel, deal …, but are also the least risky. Returns and risk are both increasing in industry or geographic concentration. And while GP … deal selection, to seek risk-adjusted fund-level returns …

place greater weight on downside risk demand additional compensation for holding stocks with high sensitivities to downside … market movements. We show that the cross-section of stock returns reflects a premium for downside risk. Specifically, stocks … that covary strongly with the market when the market declines have high average returns. We estimate that the downside risk …

Stocks with greater downside risk, which is measured by higher correlations conditional on downside moves of the market … of return on stocks with the greatest downside risk exceeds the average rate of return on stocks with the least downside … risk by 6.55% per annum. Downside risk is important for explaining the cross-section of expected returns. In particular of …