higher marriage rates for women and lower for men. Land abundance favored higher fertility. The demands of childcare … opportunities outside the home. Frontier women were less likely to report "gainful employment," but among those who did, relatively … more had high-status occupations. Together, these findings integrate contrasting narratives about frontier women …

We investigate women's fertility, labor and marriage market responses to a health innovation that led to reductions in … allow women to start fertility later and invest more in the labor market. We present a new theory of fertility that …

Women enter retirement having spent fewer years in market work, earned less over their lifetimes, and worked in … many women end up with lower levels of retirement income in old age. We use the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), which … largely between nonmarried men and women. Multivariate models show that 85 percent of this retirement income gap can be …

particular implications for women's time use. In this paper, we document that current patterns of female time use in home … about women's time use in Africa. First, in North Africa, women spend very few hours in market work and female labor force … participation overall is extremely low. Second, although extensive margin participation of women is high in sub-Saharan Africa …

In this paper we examine the economic and family determinants of married women's retirement behavior. A model of wives …' retirement decisions is developed and tested empirically using data on working married women. Estimated response parameters are …

Single women in the U.S. dominated the female labor force from 1870 to 1920. Data on the home life and working … conditions of women in 1888 and 1907 enable the estimation of earnings functions. Work in the manufacturing sector for these … women was task oriented and payment was frequently by the piece. Earnings rose steeply with experience and peaked early …

women …

The ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920 officially granted voting rights to women across the United States …. However, many states extended full or partial suffrage to women before the federal amendment. In this paper, we discuss the … history of women's enfranchisement using an economic lens. We examine the demand-side, discussing the rise of the women …

. Training is potentially important in compensating for the effects of children, especially for women who left education after …

workloads. We show that the harsher grading policies in STEM courses disproportionately affect women. To show this, we estimate …