This survey reviews the broad changes in U.S. trade policy over the course of the nation's history. Import tariffs have … been the main instrument of trade policy and have had three main purposes: to raise revenue for the government, to restrict … imports and protect domestic producers from foreign competition, and to reach reciprocity agreements that reduce trade …

We document the outbreak of a trade war after the U.S. adopted the Smoot-Hawley tariff in June 1930. U.S. trade … retaliate by increasing their tariffs on imports from the United States. Using a new quarterly dataset on bilateral trade for 99 … possible mechanism whereby the U.S. was targeted despite countries' MFN obligations. The retaliators' welfare gains from trade …

-rediscovered Roman and Canon law; students with legal training served in positions that reduced the uncertainty of trade in medieval …

and retail trade, real estate, and finance together produced more millionaires than manufacturing. Real estate and finance …

cold and warm regions alike and in industries that are not directly related to mining, such as trade, finance and services …