success of the invention. Prize-oriented institutions thus appear to be less systematic and not as market-oriented as patent …Such institutions as patent systems cannot be well understood without an assessment of technological creativity in …

past innovations. With full patent protection, followers can catch up to the leader in their industry either by making the … simple form of licensing. Second, we show that full patent protection is not optimal from the viewpoint of maximizing the …

. The purpose is to document the ways in which patent systems are products of battles over the economic surplus from …-style patent systems with all their imperfections have come to dominate other methods of encouraging inventive activity. The essays …

years a patent is renewed and the number of countries in which protection for the same invention is sought - can be used to …Patent counts are very imperfect measures of innovative output. This paper discusses how additional data-the number of … proposed which may remove half of the noise in patent counts as a measure of innovative output. The paper also illustrates how …

This paper studies the effects of the USPTO's patent secrecy program in World War II, under which over 11,000 U ….S. patent applications were issued secrecy orders which halted examination and prohibited inventors from disclosing their … compulsory invention secrecy reduced follow-on invention and restricted commercialization, but as part of the security policies …

hypothesis, the paper examines a newly-collected data set of more than 7,000 American and British innovations at four world … patent. The discovery of the periodic table in 1869 offers an opportunity to test this idea. Exhibition data show that …

We analyze the impact of accession to the regional patent system established by the European Patent Convention (EPC) on … applicants at the national patent offices and the European Patent Office (EPO). Our findings suggest a strong change in patent … filing behavior among foreigners seeking patent protection in the accession states, substituting EPO patents for domestic …

This paper examines three sets of explanations for variations in the strength of patent protection across sixty … countries and a 150-year period. Wealthier nations are more likely to have patent systems, to allow patentees a longer time to … likely to charge higher fees and limit patent protection in some important ways. Countries with democratic political …

pharmaceutical patent protection alone does not stimulate domestic innovation, as estimated by the US patent awards (both raw counts … either. Imports, however, did flourish. Second, national patent law implementation demonstrates conditional importance for … positive relationships with the domestic R&D expenditure and domestic pharmaceutical patent awards in the US. The interaction …

We study the incentives that governments have to protect intellectual property in a trading world economy. We consider … a world economy with ongoing innovation in two countries that differ in market size, in their capacities for innovation … policies in a non-cooperative regime of patent protection, we ask, Why are patents longer in the North? We also study …