This paper explores the origins and effects of occupational licensing regulation in late nineteenth and early twentieth … century America. Was licensing regulation introduced to limit competition in the market for professional services at the …

During the Progressive Era at the beginning of the 20th century, the United States replaced litigation by regulation as … enforcement strategy between litigation and regulation based on the idea that justice can be subverted with sufficient expenditure … environment of significant inequality of wealth and political power. The switch to regulation can then be seen as an efficient …

accentuating the role of state courts and legislatures in the creation and regulation of nineteenth-century American nonprofit …

not only on its effectiveness as a sanitary measure but also on how the costs of the regulation are distributed …

We argue that China, with its long history, a relatively stable political system, and multiple regime changes, provides …