We propose a test of bias based upon patterns of judicial errors. We model the trial court as minimizing a weighted sum … of type I and II errors. We define racial bias a situation where the weight depends on defendant/victim race. If the …

towards defendants of their own race during the guilt-innocence decision. In the sentencing phase, we find in-group bias in … identifies such opposing effects of bias within the same decision sequence. Regarding overall racial bias, we document that … the police have an impact on their judicial decisions, suggesting that the source of the bias may be deep-rooted. Merging …

receiving a life sentence by 67 percent. Straightforward remedies could mitigate this severe bias …

prison growth in recent decades, and this trend is evident among arrested offenders in every major crime category. Changes in … only a few years after the Civil Rights Act of 1965. A move toward more punitive treatment of arrested offenders drove …

to increase crime. The altered behavior of permit holders, career criminals, and the police combine to generate 29 and 32 … percent increases in firearm violent crime and firearm robbery respectively. The increasing firearm violence is facilitated by … a massive 35 percent increase in gun theft (p=0.06), with further crime stimulus flowing from diminished police …

Abstract This paper extends the Becker (1968)-Ehrlich (1973) model of crime to allow for government transfers. Using … in turn allows an integration of a crime model with a standard public finance model. Using King et al. (1988) preferences … that policies undertaken with the intent of deterring crime may, unintuitively, lead to an increase in crime. This provides …

crime. Our estimates indicate that pregnancy triggers sharp declines in arrests rivaling any known intervention, supporting … birth. Men show a sustained 20 percent decline in crime that begins at pregnancy, although arrests for domestic violence …