Canonical models of crime emphasize economic incentives. Yet, causal evidence of sorting into criminal occupations in … formal-sector employment induces crime. Regression discontinuity estimates show this policy generated reductions in formal …-sector employment and a corresponding spike in organized crime, but no effects on crimes of impulse or opportunity …

criminal groups in Medellin. The conventional view overlooks gangs' indirect incentives to rule: governing keeps police out and …

presence of organized crime, under democratic and non-democratic regimes, proportional and majoritarian elections, and between … contested and non-contested districts. We provide additional evidence on the influence of organized crime on politics using …

We develop an empirical model of the mechanism used to assign police officers to Chicago districts and examine the … effects of officer experience on neighborhood crime. Equalizing officer seniority across districts would reduce violent crime … rate by 4.6 percent and significantly decrease inequality in crime, discretionary arrests, and officer use of force across …

-or-Practice" investigations on crime and policing. For investigations that were not preceded by "viral" incidents of deadly force, investigations …, on average, led to a statistically significant reduction in homicides and total crime. In stark contrast, all … homicides and total crime. We estimate that these investigations caused almost 900 excess homicides and almost 34,000 excess …

residential location and property values. The police represent the largest public expenditure in city-level crime control efforts … increase in police expenditures does pay off in the form of lower crime rates. This is an incomplete story, however …Urban crime rates in the United States fell markedly during the 1990s and remain at historically low levels. The …

-ordered racial hiring quotas imposed on municipal police departments. My best estimate of the effect of court-ordered affirmative …. Evidence on police performance is mixed. Despite substantial black-white test score differences on police department entrance … examinations, city crime rates appear unaffected by litigation. However, litigation lowers slightly both arrests per crime and the …

asymmetric response of crime. In this paper we use three different data sets and three different empirical methodologies to … document this previously-unnoticed regularity. Using nonparametric methods we show that the behavior of property crime is … data from New York City we demonstrate that property crime reacts more (less) strongly to increases (decreases) in the …