and management practices. Our focus is on the middle managers who populate the hierarchies between top executives and …We critically review the emerging literature in Organizational and Personnel Economics concerning the role of managers …

Standard models of hierarchy assume that agents and middle managers are better informed than principals about how to … implement a particular task. We estimate the value of the informational advantage held by supervisors (middle managers) when …

This paper shows that large, multi-establishment business enterprises face a high cost of middle management in poor … covering compensation for 300,000 middle managers working at modern firms in 146 countries. We estimate that the elasticity of … real management costs with respect to real GDP per worker is 0.1. We quantify the importance of this finding using a …

randomized controlled trial. Consistent with standard practice for training investments within firms, we asked middle managers … or favoritism. Instead, consistent with the fact that supervisor turnover comes at a large effort cost to middle managers … due to gaps in coverage and onboarding, middle managers prioritized retention over productivity impacts. Indeed, treated …

Enterprises (SOEs) in India. The program gave managers (the board of directors) of profitable SOEs more autonomy over strategic … that a manager subsequently joins a board of a private firm is greater for managers of those SOEs which were granted … may occur partly through managers' career concerns …

, and market opportunities. This know-how can be reallocated across countries as managers acquire control of factors of …

Corporate managers who own a majority of the common stock in their company or who represent another firm owning such an … interest appear to be less constrained than managers of diffusely held firms, yet their power to harm minority shareholders …. Finally, there is little evidence that new organizational mechanisms have evolved to constrain managers who own large blocks …