damage. As expected, when the environmental damage from mining is known, the socially optimal timing will depend on the … mining until better information arrives. We show conditions under which it is optimal to postpone the mining decision … marginal mine owner is completely indifferent between mining immediately and at any point in the future. Thus, for our problem …

mining deposits is associated with bigger firms and fewer start-ups in the middle of the 20th century. We use mines as an … cold and warm regions alike and in industries that are not directly related to mining, such as trade, finance and services …

The rise of centralized mining pools for risk sharing does not necessarily undermine the decentralization required for … disproportionately fewer miners, and thus grow more slowly. Instead, mining pools as a financial innovation escalate the arms race among … evidence from Bitcoin mining supports our model predictions. The economic insights inform many other blockchain protocols as …

of increasing safety rather than production. We study the U.S. metals mining sector, leveraging exogenous demand shocks …

reward to mining. The endogenous level of computational difficulty built into the Bitcoin protocol does not mitigate this …

transition are spatially concentrated, and mining states have already lost income due to the reduced demand for coal. Coal states … states and counties with substantial mining activity are more likely to be coal fired and to purchase more within political … states benefits from local protectionism, these efforts impose social costs because coal mining and coal burning creates …