In the context of exports expansion, we want to evaluate the ability of natural resource-abundant countries to reduce their dependence on natural resource exploitation in the long run. Specifically, we measure exports diversification in Chile and Norway in order to measure how they responded to...

This chapter compares the evolution of fiscal systems in Andean and Nordic countries between 1850 and 2010. It does so through the lens of the "fiscal contract": because tax revenues are in some degree voluntary, citizens who pay them would expect state services in return, and have incentives...

In this chapter, we explore how natural resources can be exploitable resources thanks to knowledge improvements. This issue is tackled by looking at the evolution of engineering faculties and graduate engineers from 1850 to 1939 in Andean and Nordic countries, two regions where natural resources...