We use stock exchange message data to quantify the negative aspect of high-frequency trading, known as "latency arbitrage." The key difference between message data and widely-familiar limit order book data is that message data contain attempts to trade or cancel that fail. This allows the...

This paper builds a new model of financial exchange competition, tailored to the institutional details of the modern US stock market. In equilibrium, exchange trading fees are competitive but exchanges are able to earn economic profits from the sale of speed technology. We document stylized...