determines a bias in the relative employment of skilled versus unskilled workers. Using a balanced panel of firm-based data …, although weak, skill bias effect of production offshoring on the labor-force composition of Italian manufacturing: in … skill ratio, we find that the skill bias effect is primarily driven by a fall in the employment of production workers, while …

that only export abroad. Second, firms that engage in final goods off-shoring are more productive than firms that engage in … inputs off-shoring. Third, in terms of the productivity dynamics over the period 1998-2003, exporters' performance in Italy …

This paper attempts to quantify the impact of fragmentation on employment. Factor demand functions for labour and … in import prices (real trade costs) has a twofold impact on labour demand: (i) substitution of domestic employment by … partly imported intermediates (= outsourcing or fragmentation) (ii) increased employment due to higher demand caused by an …