objective is to identify policy tools that help generate sustained increases in employment in the long run. Therefore, we focus …

determines a bias in the relative employment of skilled versus unskilled workers. Using a balanced panel of firm-based data …, although weak, skill bias effect of production offshoring on the labor-force composition of Italian manufacturing: in … skill ratio, we find that the skill bias effect is primarily driven by a fall in the employment of production workers, while …

that only export abroad. Second, firms that engage in final goods off-shoring are more productive than firms that engage in … inputs off-shoring. Third, in terms of the productivity dynamics over the period 1998-2003, exporters' performance in Italy …