countries to additionally include informal employment (chapter 3) as well as the relation between foreign direct investment …, trade, and informal employment as illustrated by the maquiladora industry in Mexico (chapter 4), the interaction between …

determines a bias in the relative employment of skilled versus unskilled workers. Using a balanced panel of firm-based data …, although weak, skill bias effect of production offshoring on the labor-force composition of Italian manufacturing: in … skill ratio, we find that the skill bias effect is primarily driven by a fall in the employment of production workers, while …

that only export abroad. Second, firms that engage in final goods off-shoring are more productive than firms that engage in … inputs off-shoring. Third, in terms of the productivity dynamics over the period 1998-2003, exporters' performance in Italy …