determines a bias in the relative employment of skilled versus unskilled workers. Using a balanced panel of firm-based data …, although weak, skill bias effect of production offshoring on the labor-force composition of Italian manufacturing: in … skill ratio, we find that the skill bias effect is primarily driven by a fall in the employment of production workers, while …

that only export abroad. Second, firms that engage in final goods off-shoring are more productive than firms that engage in … inputs off-shoring. Third, in terms of the productivity dynamics over the period 1998-2003, exporters' performance in Italy …

Recognizing that people value employment not only to earn income to satisfy their consumption needs but also as a means …-pecuniary benefits of employment are incorporated in the standard individual's utility function, then at very low income levels … employment can be a source of utility, inducing individuals to supply labor to the extent possible. We also show the conditions …