determines a bias in the relative employment of skilled versus unskilled workers. Using a balanced panel of firm-based data …, although weak, skill bias effect of production offshoring on the labor-force composition of Italian manufacturing: in … skill ratio, we find that the skill bias effect is primarily driven by a fall in the employment of production workers, while …

that only export abroad. Second, firms that engage in final goods off-shoring are more productive than firms that engage in … inputs off-shoring. Third, in terms of the productivity dynamics over the period 1998-2003, exporters' performance in Italy …

compares pathways into self-employment among men and women in the United States and Western Germany. Academic and vocational … credentials are more important for stabilizing self-employment in the United States than in Germany, where the lack of credentials … is a significant deterrent to self-employment entry. Intergenerational transmission of self-employment is more prominent …