consequences. It describes the policy frameworks to promote renewable energy as well as fossil-fuel subsidies, which are still …

developers, especially for subsidies. Inexperienced developers are more responsive to liability relief and regulatory relief than … they are to subsidies. Similar considerations hold true for larger developers. …

goal could be implemented in different countries through taxes or subsidies. Finally, we discuss the distributional effects …

climate regimes.Against this background, this paper discusses carbon/energy taxes, subsidies, energy efficiency standards, eco …

unsustainability of subsidized systems led several MENA countries to take steps to lower subsidies, which have been part of the social …

subsidies using the Irish Single Electricity Market (SEM) as a test system, with hourly data from 1 January 2008 to 28 August … after including the cost of subsidies given to wind generation. …

(renewable energy deployment) or upstream development and manufacturing of those technologies. The use of subsidies …—particularly upstream ones—is disciplined by World Trade Organization agreements, and its subsidies code lacks exceptions for transboundary … offering production and consumption subsidies in producer countries, allowing that some of the downstream market may lie in …

Industrial policy has long been criticized as subject to protectionist interests; accordingly, subsidies to domestic … offering production (upstream) and deployment (downstream) subsidies in producer countries, allowing that some of the … downstream market may lie in nonregulating third-party countries. Restraints on upstream subsidies erode global welfare when …

correcting R&D market failures, can be useful complements to emissions pricing, but ambitious renewable targets or subsidies seem …