, use of offsets, and enforcement and compliance. This article explains why China opts for emissions trading, rather than …

stock is examined. Replicator dynamics modeling participation and compliance are combined with pollution stock dynamics … auditing probability. Partial participation and partial compliance can be ES equilibria, with possible multiplicities, in … addition to the monomorphic equilibria of full (non) compliance. Convergence to these equilibria could be monotonic or …

, cost effectiveness, equity, flexibility in the presence of new information, and incentives for participation and compliance … market-based approaches, especially those with price mechanisms; and participation and compliance incentives are inadequately … environmental outcome and efficiency, and between cost-effectiveness and incentives for participation and compliance. …

incapable of inducing significant participation and compliance. We assess the Protocol and thirteen alternative policy … compliance. We find that those approaches that offer cost-effective mitigation are unlikely to induce significant participation … and compliance, while those approaches that are likely to enjoy a reasonably high level of implementation by sovereign …