This paper examines the link between pollution and income. It shows how income inequality affects environmental … policies and therefore pollution. The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis proposes that there is an inverted U …

local pollutant. Governments use environmental policies, i.e., an emissions standard or a tax, to control pollution and for … demand, the cost of abatement and the damage caused from pollution. Under these modes of uncertainty we derive sufficient …

strictly necessary to cope with the harmful effects of pollution on the environment. Such inference is wrong. It is also … misleading. An example is provided by the current debate on voluntary approaches in pollution abatement. These are self … Associations. Based on the common belief that a state's intervention is the single means to achieve pollution abatement, such …

A Cournot-Nash oligopoly model is used to study self-regulation of industrial pollution emissions. Consumers have … solutions. A firm's incentive to voluntarily abate pollution is a price increase which can be realised by installing abatement …

A number of recent papers have found that certain measures of pollution worsen and later improve as income per head … political system. In this paper we find that, for a number of pollution variables, an increase in civil and political freedoms … significantly improves environmental quality. For other pollution variables, however, we find that freedoms have no effect. The …