Previous research has identified a gender gap in the difference between teacher grading andscores on national exams at the end of secondary school. We go a step further and look at howteacher characteristics may influence this gender gap. We find that exams are relatively morefavorable for boys,...

Being the youngest in a cohort entails many penalties. Using administrativedata of every public-school student in Portugal, we show that although performancegains from being 1-year older fade quickly from primary education to high school,age-related penalties persist through a combination of...