"technical barriers to trade" (i.e., technical regulations, standards and conformity assessment procedures) in selected bilateral … efforts and divert attention from multilateral trade and standards-related negotiations, new obstacles may arise both for …

regulations of a market, the costs of compliance are assumed to be smaller than for CA regimes requiring certification by third …

This paper evaluates the different approaches to quantifying the trade impact of standards in the agri-food sector. The … the impact of standards on market segmentation are also examined. Since both the level and design of a standard are … standards regimes. On the other hand, ex post empirical estimation is preferable when the level of the standard is more …

, implementing and reviewing regulations and standards. While covering a range of natural resource-based exports and manufactures and …

levels of living standards favour weak product standard, and this acts as a barrier to upgrading product standards for export …

While there is a large literature on the economic theory of international standards, and their presumed effects, we … know much less about how international standards work in practice. This paper reviews the body of empirical work that has … investigated the specific question: How international standards impact on international trade? Do they help or hinder trade? The …

To what extent are governments drawing on relevant international standards in their technical regulations, as mandated … standards in regulation in any sector, as a basis for effective monitoring of the actual extent of use of international … standards in regulation and for empirical analysis of the trade effects. This template is then applied to collect and report for …