In Brazil?s urban areas, job opportunities determine economic mobility and poverty. But not every job provides enough earnings to take families out of poverty. Jobs for poor workers are scarce in the formal sector. To improve their income, the poor resort to informal, unregistered jobs that are...

The Bolsa Familia Programme (PBF) is a conditional cash transfer (CCT) programme which is aimed at guaranteeing a minimum level of income to poor families and at the same time promoting access to education and health services by beneficiary children, and to social assistance more generally by...