The EU ETS has been criticised for threatening the competitiveness of European industry and generating carbon leakage, i.e., increasing foreign greenhouse gas emissions. Two main options have been put forward to tackle these concerns : border adjustments and output-based allocation, i.e.,...

Border adjustments are currently discussed to limit the possible adverse impact of climate policies on competitiveness and carbon leakage. We discuss the main choices that will have to be made if the European Union implements such a system alongside the EU ETS. Although more analysis is required...

We compare several options for a border adjustment to the European Union Emission Trading System. We discuss their WTO‐compatibility and provide a quantitative assessment based on the partial equilibrium model CASE II. We conclude that, firstly, if the EU wants to implement such a border...