A mathematical formulation is developed for modeling a joint two-echelon supply chain consisting of a single manufacturer (i.e., vendor) who continuously produces a production lot of size Q items with constant production rate P≥D where D is the given demand rate set by the retailer (i.e.,...

In recent decades, the integrated manufacturer-buyer supply chain problem has been widely studied by many scholars, as it provides benefits to both parties in terms of planning flexibility, information sharing and joint costs. The manufacturer produces a production lot of size Q, with variable...

A large reservoir of frozen human embryos is a negative outcome of their cryostorage for in vitro fertilization treatments. The existence of unused stored embryos, referred to herein as "remaining embryos", places the service provider (usually a hospital) in a fragile situation. This is...

We analyze an integrated inventory supply chain and seek the optimal production lot, optimal production rate, and optimal (integer) number of shipments per production lot. An increasing need for higher operational efficiency, as well as growing competition among multiple products for a limited...

Cryostorage of human embryos produced during the course of in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment is an important issue for hospitals, governments and individuals who are facing fertility challenges. Embryo cryostorage is giving rise to increasing economic, ethical and legal concerns due to the...