A national household income survey and census data are used to examine the determinants of educational attainment in China. Rural and Urban areas are analyzed separately, and contrasted, owing to the sharp economic and institutional divide between them. The roles of income, age, gender,...

In some developing countries, private rates of return to primary education have fallen to low levels. An explanation is provided as to why this fall need not reduce the demand for primary education. Primary schooling is a necessary input into postprimary. In an educational system that is...