Standard Estimates of the rates of return to primary schooling in most developing countries are high, and have been used to support advocacy of increased investments in primary schooling. But the standard estimates ignore repetition and dropout experience. This paper develops a procedure for...

Women are thought to be disadvantaged in developing countries. One of the major respects in which they are conjectured to be disadvantaged is that labor-market rewards to their schooling are less than those for males. This study investigates whether there are gender differentials in Indonesian...