The comments by Tsai illustrate some important points in the industrial policy debate, though they also reflect a misconception of the purposes of my paper. My rejoinder describes briefly the 'revisionist' case, noting that it provides grounds for careful government policies to overcome market...

This paper explores China's competitive threat to Latin America in trade in manufactured goods. The direct threat to exports to third country markets appears small: Latin America and the Caribbean's (LAC's) trade structure is largely complementary to that of China. In bilateral trade, several...

"Fragmentation", the relocation of processes or functions across countries in response to cost and other differences, has important implications for development. We discuss the drivers of fragmentation and map it for electronics and automotives in East Asia (EA) and Latin America. For technical...

This paper maps out the recent manufactured export patterns of developing countries, using a new and detailed classification by technological levels. It argues that export structures, being path-dependent and difficult to change, have important implications for growth and development....

Given rapid technological and organizational change it appears, nevertheless, that the “emerging” economies of Asia are involved in different ways. Some countries are at the forefront, others on the fringes, of the new technological “paradigm “. This paper considers differences in...