Many episodes of extension of franchise in the 19th and especially in the 20th century occurred during or in the aftermath of major wars. Motivated by this fact, we offer a theory of political transitions which focuses on the impact of international conflicts on domestic political institutions....

Indice: 1. Il mandato europeo di repressione penale del negazionismo. 2. La presenza del passato nella legislazione penale tedesca fino allo Historikerstreit. 3. L'apparente Sonderweg antinegazionista della Germania riunificata. 4. Una comparazione diacronica doverosa: il reato di Greuelhetze...

We investigate how nondemocratic regimes use the military and how this can lead to the emergence of military dictatorships. Nondemocratic regimes need the use of force in order to remain in power, but this creates a political moral hazard problem; a strong military may not simply work as an...

A notable feature of post-World War II civil wars is their very long average duration. We provide a theory of the persistence of civil wars. The civilian government can successfully defeat rebellious factions only by creating a relatively strong army. In weakly-institutionalized polities this...