"For decades the world's agricultural markets have been highly distorted by national government policies, but very differently for different commodities. Hence a weighted average across countries of nominal rates of assistance or consumer tax equivalents for a product can be misleading as an...

"Despite recent reforms, world agricultural markets remain highly distorted by government policies. Traditional indicators of those price distortions can be poor guides to the policies' economic effects. Recent theoretical literature provides indicators of trade and welfare-reducing effects of...

1. Introduction and Summary -- 2. How Trade Can Boost Food Security -- 3. The Long History of Food Globalization -- 4. The Evolution of Food Trade Patterns since 1960 -- 5. Market-Distorting Policies: Long-Run Trends and Short-Run Insulation -- 6. Estimating Trade, Welfare, and Poverty Effects...

The fiscal position can affect fiscal multipliers through two channels. Through the Ricardian channel, households reduce consumption in anticipation of future fiscal adjustments when fiscal stimulus is implemented from a weak fiscal position. Through the interest rate channel, fiscal stimulus...