The pulsation of the growth rate of output is considered from the point of view of technological theory of production, which is based on the law of substituting for human, muscle- and brain-based work. It is shown that the pulsation is connected with pulsation of technological characteristics of...

In this paper, the concept of “productive energy” as a substitute for conventional labour is examined historically, theoretically and empirically. Over the course of the last centuries, productive energy has been substituted for human, muscle- and brain-based work, providing the wherewithal...