This paper investigates the search dynamics of a fundamental particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm via gathering and analyzing the data of the search area during the optimization process. The PSO algorithm exhibits a distinct performance when optimizing different functions, which induces...

We propose and study an analytic model for growing interfaces in the presence of Brownian diffusion and hopping transport. The model is based on a continuum formulation of mass conservation at the interface, including reactions. The Burgers-KPZ equation for the rate of elevation change emerges...

The mitochondrial DNA genome has a definite multifractal structure. We show that loops, hairpins and inverted palindromes are responsible for this self-similarity. We can thus establish a definite relation between the function of subsequences and their fractal dimension. Intriguingly, protein...

The two-dimensional motion behaviour of the common intertidal gastropod Littorina littorea is investigated as a function of the immersion time from three sampling sites on an exposed rocky shore. A total of 90 individuals have been individually marked and tracked over 14 consecutive daylight low...

Power-law distributions have been observed in various economical and physical systems. Lévy flights have infinite variance which discourage a physical approach. We introduce a class of stochastic processes, the “gradually truncated Lévy flight” in which large steps of a Lévy flight are...