In this paper magnetohydrodynamic free convection flow of CuO–water nanofluid in a square enclosure with a rectangular heated body is investigated numerically using Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) scheme. The effective thermal conductivity and viscosity of nanofluid are calculated by KKL...

Cancer can be described as an open complex dynamic and self-organizing system. The stationary states of the open systems are analysed in engineering thermodynamics by entropy generation. The recent results on entropy generation are suggested as the basis of a new approach to cancer analysis in...

The theorem of extremum entropy generation is related to the stochastic order of the paths inside the phase space; indeed, the system evolves, from an indistinguishable configuration to another one, on the most probable path in relation to the paths stochastic order. The result is that, at the...

How do macroscopic systems react when imposed to external forces? A recent analysis of Carnot’s theorem has pointed out that the systems do not convert all the inflow energy to work and dissipation, but that some energy will be incorporated to internal processes. These exergy flows appear as...

Stochastic differential equations are important to model many complex systems. The Fokker–Planck equation is fundamental in statistical thermodynamic analysis and in the study of fluctuations in complex systems. Entropy generation is a fundamental quantity in the analysis of irreversibility....

The entropy generation approach has been developed for the analysis of complex systems, with particular regards to biological systems, in order to evaluate their stationary states. The entropy generation is related to the transport processes related to exergy flows. Moreover, cancer can be...

The extremum of entropy generation is evaluated for both maximum and minimum cases using a thermodynamic approach which is usually applied in engineering to design energy transduction systems. A new result in the thermodynamic analysis of the entropy generation extremum theorem is proved by the...

Cells can be regarded as engines that execute a series of chemical reactions. A malignant cell, that is, a cancerous cell, can be described as an open complex dynamic and self-organising system. The entropy generation approach has been used to evaluate the stationary states for cells in relation...

Open systems are very important in science and engineering for their applications and the analysis of the real word. At their steady state, two apparently opposed principles for their rate of entropy production have been proposed: the minimum entropy production rate and the maximum entropy...

The chemical–physical analysis of the DNA have pointed out the connections between forces, thermodynamics and kinetics. The entropy generation approach has been suggested as a thermodynamic approach to evaluate the accessible states for cancer systems, in relation to their thermodynamic...