We investigate the asymmetry of heart rate control system and suggest a simple index to quantify this asymmetry by performing high-dimensional time irreversibility tests to heartbeat interval time series over multiple scales. The results provide strong evidence to the concept that the asymmetry...

Electronic Cardiogram (ECG) data taken from healthy adult subjects are found to characterize multifractality. In order to quantitatively analyze multifractal spectrum, the area of the spectrum is computed. We have a comparison between the spectrum of the young subjects and that of the old ones....

In this paper, a new viewpoint is proposed: the synchronous 12-lead ECG multifractal singularity spectrum distribution is modulated by the heart disease information. There is a well-regulated multifractal singularity spectrum distribution among different leads. We consider that the mean value of...

The cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells contains networks of protein polymers called microtubules (MTs), which provide a wide range of microskeletal and micromuscular functionalities. Evidences from a number of directions suggest that they can also serve as a medium for intracellular signal...