Based on the assumption that a vehicle always tries to keep a certain speed and a proper distance from the one in front of it, a force model, being a kind of microscopic models which is similar to van der Waal's molecule model, is established. We develop three approaches to study the equilibrium...

The computer-assisted modeling of re-entrant production lines, and, in particular, simulation scalability, is attracting a lot of attention due to the importance of such lines in semiconductor manufacturing. Re-entrant flows lead to competition for processing capacity among the items produced,...