impact of in-utero exposure to local violence - measured by homicide rates - on birth outcomes. The estimates show that … exposure to violence during the first trimester of pregnancy leads to a small but precisely estimated increase in the risk of …, where violence is endemic and are particularly pronounced among children of poorly educated mothers, implying that violence …

the impact of in-utero exposure to local violence -measured by homicide rates- on birth outcomes. Focusing on small … communities, where it is more plausible that local homicide rates reflect actual exposure to violence, the analysis shows that … exposure to violence during pregnancy leads to deterioration in birth outcomes: one extra homicide during the first trimester …

lockdowns on the incidence of domestic violence (DV) have reported relatively modest effects. This may reflect a low reporting …

increase the cost of corruption but not of the exercise of violence might accordingly lead mafia-style organizations to … retaliate by resorting to violence in lieu of bribery. On the other hand, anti-corruption measures might also induce criminal … violence. To determine which of these possible effects is prevalent, we undertake an empirical assessment of the impact of city …