, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) standards on the probability of trade, relative to other countries' standards …

hurting women’s labor supply and economic opportunities. This paper uses the rapid expansion of mining in Sub-Saharan Africa …. Effects are stronger in years of high world prices. Mining creates local boom-bust economies in Africa, with permanent effects …

's economic marginalization in Sub-Saharan Africa from the pre-colonial period to the end of colonial rule. It is not that women … even in kinship structures in pre-colonial Africa, utilizing the concepts of "rights in persons" and "wealth in people …." Reviewing the processes of production and reproduction, it explains why most slaves in pre-colonial Africa were women and …

half-way to the level in South Africa is more important than a substantive cut in tariff barriers. As an example, improving … logistics in Ethiopia half-way to the level in South Africa would be roughly equivalent to a 7.5 percent cut in tariffs faced by …