against multinational service providers. They assume that foreign direct investment in business services is necessary for … competition. The ad valorem equivalent of barriers to foreign direct investment have been estimated based on detailed …

policies (for example, regulating foreign investment or limiting commercial activity with red tape) have a major influence on …

for the most part, it ignores the heterogeneity of public investment. In many countries, especially in the developing … world, public investment includes not only basic infrastructure projects, but also commercial and industrial projects … similar to those undertaken by the private sector. And those two types of public investment are likely to have quite different …

If the marginal gains from investment in physical capital depend positively on knowledge, but a household cannot hire …