been hurt more than others. In response to the crisis, EU leaders have agreed on a Recovery and Resilience Fund (RFF …), which will help all EU countries, but those hit hardest will benefit most.This Policy Contribution explores why some … governance all play a significant role in explaining differences in economic losses in different EU countries. However, public …

the world. But the EU faces nevertheless formidable economic challenges. In the short-term, there is the potential for … strong macroeconomic weakening, resulting partly from uncertainty generated by the global trade conflict. The EU also has a … long-term growth and productivity weakness. Finally, the EU, especially the euro area, suffers from a lack of convergence …

The European Union created the European Globalisation Adjustment Fund (EGF) in 2007 to co-fund, together with EU member … that the EU, which has exclusive competence over trade policy, needed to assume some budgetary responsibility for the … years of implementation and in the context of the negotiations on the EU’s 2021-27 Multiannual Financial Framework. The EGF …

from the EU of the United Kingdom - home to the EU’s main capital market centre - makes the project even more relevant …. Although integrating and deepening capital markets has been a long standing goal of the EU, actual progress has been limited … development of EU capital markets. Although the European Council has repeatedly underlined the CMU’s importance, only a few of …

, the EU is partly protected by the size of its internal market. In addition, the short-term effects would be even greater … because of the negative supply and demand shock the global economy would be subjected to. For this reason, the EU must engage … Agreement. We put forward progressive monitoring and sanction measures to ensure effective implementation. …

EU subsidies remain far larger. However, there are important qualitative differences. Some IRA subsidies discriminate … against foreign producers while EU subsidies do not. IRA clean-tech subsidies are simpler and less fragmented, and they focus … forcing the reorganisation of supply chains, the IRA may make the EU and other economies more competitive relative to China …

. Given this imbalance, the EU has long sought to improve the situation for its companies operating or wanting to operate in … China. After eight years of negotiations, the EU and China concluded in December 2020 a bilateral Comprehensive Agreement on … protection is covered by bilateral investment treaties between EU countries and China, which remain in force. The CAI has been …